Soft X‐ray diffraction gratings coupled with advanced multilayer coatings represent a pivotal innovation in the development of high‐resolution spectroscopic instruments. These devices utilise periodic ...

In the semiconductor industry, more sophisticated control of the planarization steps is a key process requirement for higher density chip technology. The use of colloidal dispersion of metal oxide ...

In 1967 the Russian physicist Victor Veselago predicted the existence of a material with a negative index of refraction, which he termed “left-handed.” He concluded that in the presence of such a ...

A finite element wave propagation model for linear periodic waves in a coastal sea region is developed. The model includes refraction, diffraction, and reflection of gravity waves on water over ...

Most people know that light travels in a straight line unless something acts upon it to change its direction. The three most common methods of changing the direction of light are refraction, ...